| Sentence Pattern :V ない-form | ||
| The verb form used with ない is called the ない-form; that is to say かか of かかない is the ない-form of かきます (write). How to make the ない-form is given below. | ||
| Group I In the verb of this group the last of the ます -form is always the sound in the i-line. So, replace it with the sound of the a-line to make a ない-form. The exceptions to this rule are such verb as かいます, あいます and etc. (わ is the last sound of the ない-form in these verbs instead of (a) and also with the ends of chi such as まちます, もちます and etc. (replace it with sound of the chi in the i-line and add た instead of (cha) to make a ない-form . |
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| Example | (1)すいます (2)まちます (3)のります (4)しにます (5)あそびます (6)のみます (7)かきます (8)およぎます (9)はなします |
(1)すわない (2)また ない (3)のらない (4)しなない (5)あそばない (6)のまない (7)かかない (8)およがない (9)はなさない |
| Group II The ない-form of the verbs of this group is e-line form which means ends with e. It will used drop ます add ない-form. And they have some i-lines but belongs to Group II. It is called special. |
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| ends e-line | (1)たべます (2)ねます (3)とめます (4)むかえます |
(1)たべない (2)ねない (3)とめない (4)むかえない |
| Special (1)to wake up (2)to borrow (3)see look at,watch (4)exist (5)get off (6)to wear (7)enough (8)can (9)to fall (10)exceed (11)to take a shower (12)to boil |
ます-form (1)おきます (2)かります (3)みます (4)います (5)おります (6)きます (7)たります (8)できます (9)おちます (10)すぎます (11)あびます (12)にます |
ない-form (1)おきない (2)かりない (3)みない (4)いない (5)おりない (6)きない (7)たりない (8)できない (9)おちない (10)すぎない (11)あびない (12)にない |
| Group III The ない-form of します is drop ます and add ない (しない) and きます becomes (こない) |
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| Examples | (1)べんきょうします (2)きます |
(1)べんきょうしない (2)こない |
| Sentence Pattern :V ない-form ないで ください | ||
| this expression is used to ask or instruct someone not to do something. | ||
| Examples | わたし は げんき です から しんぱいしない で ください. I am fine so please don’t worry about me. ここ で しゃしん を とらないで ください. Please don’t take pictures here. |
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| Sentence Pattern :V ない-form なければなりません must... | ||
| This expression means something has to be done regardless of the will of the actor. Note that this doesn’t negative meaning. | ||
| Examples | くすり を のまなければなりません. I must take medicine. |
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| Sentence Pattern :V ない-form なくても いい です need not... | ||
| This sentence pattern indicates that the action described by the verb does not have to be done. |
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| Examples | あした こなくても いい です. You don’t have to come tomorrow. |
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| Sentence Pattern :N (object) は | ||
| You learned in Lesson 16 that the particle を is attached to the direct object of verbs. Here you learn that the object is made a topic by replacing を with は. | ||
| Examples | ここ に にむつ を おかないで ください. Please don’t put parcels here. にむつ は ここ に おかないで ください. As for parcels, don’t put them here. かいしゃ の しょくどう で ひるごはん を たべます. I have lunch in the company cafeteria. ひるごはん は かいしゃ の しょくどう で たべます. As for lunch, I have it in the company cafeteria. |
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| Sentence Pattern :N (time ) まで に V | ||
| The point in time indicated by made ni is the time limit by which an action is to be done. | ||
| Examples | かいぎ は ごじ まで に おわります. The meeting will be over by five. どようび まで に ほん を かえさ なければなりません. I must return the book by Saturday. [Note] Make sure you do not confuse made ni with the particle made. ごじ まで はたらきます. I work until five. (L.4) |
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Related Articles: List of Japanese Sentence Structure
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